African Trade Routes Free Essays

African’s were among the richest of people back in the 1000’s. Effects of trade brought cities to faster than they rise. Great civilizations from Ghana to Zimbabwe both flourished but, had their tragic end. We will write a custom essay sample on African Trade Routes or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, it provided them with a lot of things such as gold, salt slaves etc. People introduced camels to the desert in 200 a. d. Merchants primarily used them for trade to the Empires in the middle of the desert. They traded things such as gold, ivory, ostrich feathers, animal hides, and slaves. According to document 5 â€Å"The salt trade made the city prosperous; in Africa, salt ranked with gold and slaves in value. For Merchants to risk camels over hundreds of miles of burning sand, the profits must have been enormous† (22). This means that merchants traveled to cities in the desert to make mounds of cash. This trade route was the â€Å"trans-Saharan trade’ which they used camels to travel across. Because, Of the Saharan trade routes many cities like Ghana rose and prospered. It also bought new crops from south and Southeast Asia such as, sugarcane, coconuts, bananas, asian rice, and vegetables. Another effect is slavery; they used slaves to break up the salt so it could be traded. Also trading had a major effect on Islam. According to document 8 â€Å" The leaders became integrated into African societies by playing religious,social,and political roles similar to those of traditional priests†(447). This means Muslim leaders kind of move in and just sprinkled their religion around until people caught on. And by learning this new religion it opened doors for even more trading by them eventually learning their language. Ghana soon began to fall, people who were under their control fought for the control of the lucrative trade. Mali was established in 1235 by Sundiata. Male became rich off of the Saharan trade routes. King Moses controlled Gao and Timbuktu his power extended also to the Taghaza salt mines. According to document 9 â€Å" They put their children in chains if they show any backwardness in memorizing it, and they are not set free until they have it by heart†(304). It basically means that the power that they had over other people also were towards their children which shows they had a lot of money. According to document 6 â€Å"The inhabitants are very rich, especially the strangers who have settled in the country; so much so that the current king has given two of the daughters in marriage of two brothers both businessmen, on account of their wealth† (112). This means that he cared so much about their money that he ensured they will never lose it. According to document 1 â€Å"Salt is so common, so easy to obtain and so inexpensive that we have forgotten that from the beginning of civilization until about 100 years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kurlanksy). It shows you that people that wanted salt had to pay and work endlessly until they finally got what they needed. Now all you have to do is pick it up at a store; no effort is needed. According to document 3 â€Å"Behind the King stood ten pages holding shields and swords decorated with gold. †(45). As you can see there was a surplus of gold so they just dressed in it not all How to cite African Trade Routes, Papers

Estimation of Aggregate Demand and Supply

Question: Discuss about the Estimation of Aggregate Demand and Supply. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the subject of economics. During this assignment, mainly five different questions are answered. In the beginning, the discussion of the study is done on the reliability of real GDP in determining the standard of living of the people in the country. In the second question, the discussion is done on the unemployment and it is tried to identify the reasons for which a country cannot avoid unemployment. In the third question, a particular statement on the prices of goods and inflation is analyzed and in the fourth question, the discussion is made on the aggregate demand curve. The answer of fifth question states about the aggregate supply curve. In the words of Craig (2016), the real GDP of a country indicates the macro economic outputs that are identified by considering the changes in prices of products and services. This means, the real GDP of a country indicates the overall output generating capacity of the country in a particular year. However, many people have stated that real GDP is not a proper indicator of the standard of living of the people in a country. The main reason for which the real GDP of a country cannot be considered as the perfect measure of the standard of living of the people in the country is that the real GDP does not include many factors that affect the standard of living of the people (Succurro, 2016). For example, the earnings from the illegal activities, political and social influences, households activities and underground economic activities. The above-mentioned four factors are not considered while calculating the real GDP of the country. However, if it is analyzed properly, then it can be seen that the activities of households help the people improving their standard of living. Similarly, sometimes, many people earn money through the underground economic activities, which help the people improving their living standards. The term unemployment indicates unavailability of the employment opportunities. Unemployment generally arises in a country due to several reasons like, due to the introduction of new and advanced technologies or due to the internal conflicts within the organization. The unemployment, which is created due to the introduction of advanced and new technology, is known as structural unemployment (Lisi 2016). In present business or economic context, this type of unemployment is unavoidable. This is because presently, the level of competition in the markets is much high and the companies or the business organizations are bound to introduce new and advanced technologies. Due to the introduction of advanced technologies many people, who do not know the use of the technologies lose their job. However, in this context, the companies cannot stop the introduction of new technologies because they need to survive. Hence, due to this reason, the structural unemployment is unavoidable. On the other side, the unemployment that is created due to the internal conflicts or problems of the organizations is known as the frictional unemployment. Lehmann, Ledezma and Van der Linden (2016) noted that, in todays context, most of the business organizations employ the people from different cultural backgrounds. Due to this, differences take place among the employees within the organizations. This ultimately creates internal conflicts and problems in the organizations (Succurro, 2016). However, the companies in todays business scenario cannot avoid employing the people from different cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it can be said that frictional unemployment is unavoidable. Yes, if the average level of prices of the goods and services rises, the inflation in the economy also rises. The main reason behind this is if the price level of the goods and services in the country increases, then the real income of the people in the country automatically decreases (Hansen, 2016). People require spending more money for availing limited quantity of products. This indicates that if the prices of the goods and services increases, the spending of the people also increase, which positively influences the inflation in the country or economy. However, there are many other factors behind the increase of inflation in the economy (Lehmann, Ledezma Van der Linden, 2016). For example, if the cost of the firms in the economy increases, then the inflation rate in the economy also increases and this type of inflation is known as cost push inflation. On the other side, if there is full employment in the economy, then the inflation rate increases, which are known as demand pull inflation (Cheung et al., 2016). In macroeconomics, the curve which indicates the demand for all goods and services, which are produced in the economy, is considered as the aggregate demand curve. Abe, Inakura and Tonogi (2016) stated that the aggregate demand curve is the combined demand for the all goods and services in the economy (Chatterjee, 2016). An aggregate demand curve is always downward slopping. The main reasons behind the downward slope of aggregate demand curve are stated below: The first reason behind the downward sloping of aggregate demand curve is at the low price level of the goods and services in the economy, when the income level of the people is fixed, the demand for the goods and services always increases (Toutkoushian Paulsen, 2016). Moreover, if the price level of the goods and services in the economy decreases, the savings of the people increases. If the savings increases, then interests rate decreases and the purchasing power of the people increases. Hence, the demand in the market increases (Abe, Inakura Tonogi, 2016). On the other side, if the prices of the products and services in a particular economy decreases, then the products and services of that economy become more competitive. This actually increases the demand for the products and services in the foreign markets. Therefore, due to these three reasons, the aggregate demand curve is always downward sloping. The curve in macroeconomics that shows the relationship between the output and the price level of the products and services in the economy is known as the aggregate supply curve (Abe, Inakura Tonogi, 2016). In long run, the aggregate supply curve is vertical because in long-run, the output of firms in the economy is not directly or indirectly related with the price level of the goods and services. On the other side, short run aggregate supply curve is always upward sloping because in short run the supply curve is derived on the basis of nominal rate of wages, which in fixed in short run (Chatterjee, 2016). Due to this, the supply or production of the output depends on the price of the products and services. Due to this, with the increase in the prices of the products and services, the profits of the firms also increase and so the level of output also increases (Rao, 2016). Hence, with the increase in price level, the short run supply curve goes upward. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that real GDP of a country is not the reliable indicator of the standard of living because it does not consider many factors like, household income and underground economy. On the other side, the rate of unemployment arises because of some unavoidable situations like, introduction of new technologies and internal conflicts in the firms. The study has also identified that with the increase in the prices of goods and services, the inflation rises. At the same time, the study has also found out the reasons for which aggregate demand curve is downward slopping and aggregate supply curve is upward slopping. Reference list: Abe, N., Inakura, N., Tonogi, A. (2016).Estimation of Aggregate Demand and Supply Shocks Using Commodity Transaction Data. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI). Chatterjee, D. (2016). A simple example for the teaching of demand theory: Aggregate demand estimation for onions in India.IIMB Management Review,28(1), 20-24. Cheung, L., Chow, K., Cheng, M., Ng, P. K. (2016). Inflation mechanism and monetary policy: perspectives from Hong Kong. Craig, L. A. (2016). Nutrition, the Biological Standard of Living, and Cliometrics.Handbook of Cliometrics, 113-130. Hansen, B. (2016).A Study in the Theory of Inflation. Routledge. Lehmann, E., Ledezma, P. L. M., Van der Linden, B. (2016). Workforce location and equilibrium unemployment in a duocentric economy with matching frictions.Journal of Urban Economics,91, 26-44. Lisi, G. (2016). Unemployment, underground economy and economic growth in a matching model of behavioural economics.International Review of Economics, 1-12. Rao, B. B. (2016).Aggregate demand and supply: a critique of orthodox macroeconomic modelling. Springer. Succurro, M. (2016). Economic Performance. Toutkoushian, R. K., Paulsen, M. B. (2016). Demand and Supply in Higher Education. InEconomics of Higher Education(pp. 149-198). Springer Netherlands.

Americas Standardization essays

Americas Standardization essays The idea that Intelligence can be counted is one that begun in 19th century. The belief that IQ-based standardized testing is an essential ingredient in an equitable process that establishes who is most deserving and who merits the rewards our society is an illusion. [Spearman, Terman, Brigham, Burt, Jenson and the Bell Curve ideologues Herrnstien and Murray believe in the four characteristics of biological determinist dogma. The contemporary educational system justly determines who the real Golden Children are focuses on them, and rewards them as the most deserving individuals within our American meritocracy. Gould and Singham refute the scientific characteristics of the biological determinists IQism. There are many ingredients, many of which are invisible in the Golden Child recipe in this country. Kienholzs assemblages are the result of a history of resisting standardization in the art world. Kienholzs assemblages are also examples of his anti-standardization perspective. There ar e many challenges students face in being exposed to a non-standardized education. My learning process in Core 11 mirrors that of one in The Dead Poets Society.] There are four key characteristics of biological determinist dogma. The Characteristics are Intelligence is innate, heritable, fixed and measurable. Professor Arther Jensen, a professor at the University of California Berkley, believed that certain racial groups were destined for the basement in society, not due to any environmental factors. Instead because of an apparent genetic shortfall. According to the Cognitive Elitists, Hernstein and Murray. Intelligence is innate and there exist a group of superior people that should be nurtured, pampered and taught to be the leaders of society. The eugenics movements passed laws to slow the flow of inferior breeds like, Italians, Jews and Poles. This was the result of the belief intelligenc...

Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture essays

Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture essays It was in 1987 when John Zachman decided to put forward his Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture'. In his own words he said "to keep the business from disintegrating, the concept of information systems architecture is becoming less of an option and more of a necessity." Thus, with this understanding, he decided to move ahead with the idea of creating the Zachman Framework. Zachman Framework is an association of information professionals who understand the worth of having a solid Enterprise Architecture within the company's ranks in the economic scenario of today's world. This paper studies the Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture and decides as to how this framework is playing a significant role in the alignment and integration of a corporate business. Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture Zachman Framework's mission is basically to harness and promote the interchange of knowledge as well as experience in the use, execution, and promotion of the Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture. It would not be wrong here to state that this framework is mostly employed in business and industry information systems. Zachman Framework has its influence from the classic principles of architecture, which constitute a mutual lexicon of standpoints and stances that assist in describing composite and elaborate enterprise systems. This instigation is mirrored directly in the clique of rules and regulations that superintend an ordered set of relationships which are on the whole both balanced as well as If Zachman Framework is taken into consideration when a company decides to design a system, the architect can be at peace when he has security of cleanliness within the design as well as it being easy to understand for one and all, balanced, ...

Ethics In Disability Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Ethics In Disability Sports - Essay Example Disability sport can be defined as recreational, competitive, and Paralympics sport for individuals with disabilities or a body of knowledge that guides philosophy and practices. The relationship among disability, sport, and knowledge is multifaceted. Such concepts are created by social groups and reflect the affordances and constraints of specific times and cultures.Disabilities have been conceptualized as limitations in physical, mental, or sensory functional ability and activity that prevent or compromise equitable participation in able-bodied sport. Disability sport has been associated mainly with disability sport organizations (DSOs) or the International Paralympics Committee (IPC). However, people with disabilities can now choose to participate in a wide variety of sport contexts (Sherrill & Williams 1996). Thus, the meaning of disability sport has been widened to include any combination of sport and disability. DePauw defined disability sport as a term that gives equal weight to concepts of disability and sport (1986).4. Theories and Conceptualizations of Sport DisabilitySome of the studies and researchers have defined theories of sports disability that might fit into a disability sport conceptual framework.5. Sport Performance TheorySport performance theory includes all of the inconstant, excluding classification, that facilitate explaining or foreseeing phenomenon such as attaining an individual best, winning and losing, managing injury, burnout, stress, anxiety.

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Case Study - Assignment Example Second priority should be given to children as they stand a higher chance of survival. Moreover, they have a lot to achieve in life as compared to elderly who may as well not survive even after the vaccine. On personal reflection, caring for a patient diagnosed with HIV can be of significant challenge. Even after the patient has been found positive for the disease, the patient might not want the information disclosed to the family. On the other hand, the family faces a great risk as it is easier to contracting the disease during the nursing period from the patient. This brings a great fight between code of ethics and personal conscience or compassion. The patient’s confidentiality is important but with utilitarianism, defying the code of ethics is what will bring the great good for the majority. The patient needs to be convinced that making the condition known to family will be of great benefit to all of them. This will help the patient get appropriate care. It will also assist the family stay

Consistency and Safety in Electrofishing Methodology

Consistency and Safety in Electrofishing Methodology Within the study of electrofishing and fishery habitat management, there are specific guidelines which the management professional must adhere to in order to protect the safety of the wildlife, the boating participants, and the participating patrons. Such guidelines are industry standards and should be understood by all professionals who are participating in the fishing process. To ensure such failsafe mechanisms are in place on a consistent basis, activities must follow a professional and pre-determined path while preparing gear, loading into the watercourse, and performing electrofishing tasks. Professionals will understand that these steps cannot be ignored due to the need for similar results over an extended period of time. Given the adherence to such measures, the potential for a pure data stream and analysis is greatly improved. Given the scope of lake fishing operations, there are several key safety checks which must be performed prior to placing the boat into the water. Figure 1 demonstrates a standard safety check of the engine and generator systems on a typical electrofishing boat. Boat standardization across the industry is consistent; however, the components will often vary, requiring safety examinations which are constantly aware of standard features. Generally all boats will include a power supply and a power conditioner which are designed to meet the requirements of the specific body of water. By ensuring that the boating materials are properly calibrated for the specific investigation, researchers will ensure that their performance is not inconsistent with previously tested results. Participants in the electrofishing process will include the boat handler or driver and two additional participants for actually performing the fishing process. It is important that each individual is aware of the expectations of the task prior to moving into the water so that standards systems remain active. The handlers are responsible for placing the seining instruments into the lake for continuous shocking of the fish population. The stun process will involve retrieving the fish via net and charting their data aboard the boat. To ensure that such procedures are accomplished with limited negative affect on the fish, handlers must use care and be actively aware of their shocking methods. Niemla et al. (2000) challenge that within the electrofishing process that there are oftentimes inconsistencies in the population estimation process which can be minimized through a standardized and non-random selection process over a small number of suitable sites. There are alternative mechanisms which can also be used, including a random process or area sweep; however, what is important is that such procedures generate comparable results over time. One of the most significant challenges given the breadth of the lake environment and results driven electrofishing is to ensure that transets are predictable and time based. In successive examinations, researchers recognize that removal methods will oftentimes underestimate the actual fish population, due to a reduced catchability based on removal statistics (Gatz and Loar, 1988). To ensure that such deviation does not occur, the seining gear must be placed in approximately the same spatial area as participants navigate the lake. Extending the gear to a specific length, i.e. 10 feet, ensures that with each subsequent transet, fish are compared to the previous guidelines and not to a new set of unpredictable data. For appropriate fish sampling, a multiple pass system as highlighted by Kimmel and Argent (2006) may be used for accuracy’s sake; however, standardized systems will focus on length versus width consistency or a linear sampling distance. Recognizing that fish demographics offer substantial insight to fishery professionals, comparison data is often drawn using specific tools and tracking methods. A length board is a handy and standard tool which is used to compare fish throughout the study. Weight can be charted frequently or at regular intervals in order to gain a sampling of the representative fish population. Data regarding the water quality, temperature, and chemical composition should also be attained during this process through standard testing which includes the use of a dissolved oxygen probe. Implications of such study will become obvious during subsequent examinations and data comparison. During the multiple pass system, transets are established by visual shore markers which enable the consistent analysis over a period of time. Study of historic data trends by Humpl and Lusk (2006) demonstrated that singular pass systems were oftentimes inaccurate and could not provide researchers with adequate samples for long term comparison. Upon collection of data samples, the return process and docking procedure should mimic that of the initial boat placement, including the shutoff of all powered components prior to exiting the boat. Cataloguing data using visual methods and consistent charting materials enables long term comparison and researchers will be quickly able to identify any inconsistencies in the lake or habitat area. Considering the variability of lakes and the changing fishing population, such standardized electrofishing techniques ensure that results may be compared based on regular intervals. As biologists continue to develop more standard technologies for fishing bodies of water, integration of standard procedures the process, regardless of materials must be ensured. In this study, the underlying safety checks for the boating system were addressed, highlighting those key points where failure to investigate could mean a failed experiment and a stranded craft. Fishery management involves a relationship between the natural habitat, the visitors, and the investigating professionals; through well directed, consistent efforts, the information gathered can directly assist in charting the long term sustainability of a fish population as well as the surrounding ecology. References Gatz, A.J; Loar, J.M. (1988) â€Å"Petersen and Removal Population Size Estimates.† Environmental Biology of Fish, Vol. 21, pp. 293-307. Humpl, M; Lusk, S. (2006) â€Å"Effect of Multiple Electro-Fishing on Determining the Structure of Fish Communities in Small Streams.† Folia Zoology, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 315-322. Kimmel,W.G; Argent, D.G. (2006) â€Å"Efficacy of Two-Pass Electrofishing Employing Multiple Units to Assess Stream Fish Species Richness.† Fisheries Research, Vol. 82, pp. 14-18. Niemla, E; Julkunen, M; Erkinaro, J. (2000) â€Å"Quantitative Electrofishing for Juvenile Salmon Densitites: Assessment of Catchability During a Long-Term Monitoring Programme.† Fisheries Research, Vol. 48, pp. 15-22.